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Study Guide 6
Absolutism and Enlightenment
I. Multiple Choice
1. The French state prior to 1788 had various ways to finance itself, from taxes to collecting money by selling
A. lands of the Catholic Church.
B. rights to name new colonies.
C. licenses to leave the country.
D. titles and offices to the nobility.
2. Voltaire imprisoned in the Bastille when he was young because he
A. stole food to feed his dying mother.
B. insulted an aristocrat who had him imprison without trial.
C. was arrested for writing atheistic diatribes against Catholicism.
D. was a sexual profligate who kept several mistresses.
3. Diderot published the Encyclopédie in secret because
A. he was concerned that other writers might try to copy his ideas.
B. it was published during the French Revolution’s dangerous Reign of Terror.
C. he had swindled his subscribers out of money and was afraid of being caught.
D. It had been banned the French monarchy and the Catholic Church.
4 Diderot’s Encyclopedie
A) included only the writings of the nobility and clergy.
B) expounded the merits of human freedom.
C) supported the French absolute monarchy.
D) was very unpopular.
E) none of the above
5. The basic principle of the Physiocrat economists of the eighteenth century was that
A. economies should be based on freedom and equality.
B. all natural resources must be regulated by the state.
C. governments should regulate labor but not trade.
D. economic freedom means charging any price one wants
6. According to Adam Smith, the market should be allowed to regulate itself through
A. religious piety.
B. supply and demand.
C. military might.
D. government involvement.
7. The economic theory espoused by Smith and the French physiocrats was a direct attack on the existing economic practice of
A) capitalism.
B) mercantilism.
C) communism.
D) socialism.
8. According to Adam Smith, the dynamic motivating force in all economic enterprise is
A) government initiative.
B) individual self-interest.
C) altruistic social concern.
D) class consciousness.
E) survival.
9. John Locke’s Treatise on Civil Government
A) refuted the theory of divine right.
B) condemned absolute monarchy.
C) espoused the right of revolution.
D) justified the Glorious Revolution.
E) all of the above.
10. _____________ was NOT a key word or phrase in the Enlightenment vocabulary.
A) intuition
B) progress
C) reason
D) natural law
E) education
11. The 18th-century French philosophes could be LEAST characterized as
A) social reformers
B) secular humanitarians
C) traditional philosophers
D) general popularizers
E) rational thinkers
12. The most popular religious belief of Enlightenment thinkers was
A) atheism.
B) agnosticism.
C) Lutheranism.
D) Calvinism
E) none of the above.
13. Deists
A) denied miracles.
B) advocated no clergy.
C) believed in an impersonal God who, after creation, was no longer involved with
humanity.
D) believed that natural laws govern the universe.
E) all of the above.
14. Montesquieu advocated a governmental system of
A) united nations.
B) checks and balances.
C) royal courts.
D) judicial appeal.
E) petitioning.
15. The government of choice for the philosophes was
A) democracy.
B) theocracy.
C) constitutional monarchy.
D) absolute monarchy.
E) no organized government.
16. “Man is born free, but today is everywhere in chains,” is the opening line from The Social Contract, written by
A) Voltaire.
B) Locke.
C) Diderot.
D) Rousseau.
E) d’Holbach.
17. Two different concepts of a “social contract” theory were put forth by
A) Rousseau and Locke.
B) Montesquieu and Rousseau.
C) Voltaire and Rousseau.
D) Voltaire and Montesquieu.
E) Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney.
18. Frederick the Great instituted all of the following “enlightened” reforms in Prussia EXCEPT the
A) reorganization of the civil service.
B) abolition of serfdom.
C) abolition of torture.
D) recognition of civil equality for Roman Catholics.
E) importation of new crops.
19. The so-called “enlightened despots,” or “enlightened monarchs,” included
A) Catherine the Great of Russia
B) Frederick the Great of Prussia
C) Joseph II of Austria
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
20. Catherine the Great of Russia
A) secularized church lands.
B) enhanced royal authority.
C) permitted publication of controversial works.
D) subsidized artists and writers.
E) all of the above.