(1) By successful criminality, e,g, Dick Turpin who supposedly escaped hanging by riding to York and obtaining an alibi there (the jury could not believe he could have gotten himself so soon after his misdeed). The fact that the ride was done (in 1739) by someone else has never been allowed by the Great British Public to besmirch his reputation
(2) By becoming a successful self-publicist, e.g. Ben Franklin
(3) By becoming outstandingly useful, e.g. Sam Johnson who in 1755 published the first decent dictionary, which gave everyone who could buy or otherwise access it a means to “correct” their spelling
(4) Through outrageous sex, e.g France’s transvestite diplomat-spy, the Chevalier d’Eon or a little later in the century, the Duchess of Devonshire who won Charles James Fox his parliamentary seat by offering to kiss anyone voting for him (no secret ballot to hide one’s choice!).
(5) Through entertainment, e.g. David Garrick, actor manager of Drury Lane’s Theatre Royal in the 1760s-70s, or Sam Richardson’s realization that women were an almost untapped market for sexy novel writing (his first success, Clarissa, coming out in 1748)
BUT ABOVE ALL:
(6) Sport. If a stallion can be a person, then “Whistlejacket” the most famous racehorse of the age in his 1762 portrait by Stubbs still holds the pride of place in London’s National Gallery that Paris gives to the Mona Lisa, Amsterdam to Rembrandt’s Night Watch and Madrid to Velasquez’s Las Meninas: and you cannot have greater celebrity than that!.